## What Does CA at the End of a Stock Symbol Mean and Why You Need to Know

When opening a stock trading app, you may notice various mysterious symbols attached to stock names, such as CA, XD, XM, T1, or SP. These labels are not just random letters but important signals indicating the status and rights of shareholders.

**CA stands for Corporate Action**, which refers to actions taken by the company. It means the company is preparing to implement something within the next 7 days. Clicking on CA will show details about what the upcoming event is and when it will occur.

## What Does the "Excluding" ( Type X) Sign Mean?

Labels starting with X mean "Excluding" or "Not including rights." If you buy shares on a day marked with X, you will lose certain rights.

**XD (Excluding Dividend)** – If you buy shares when the stock goes XD, you will not receive dividends for this round. However, if you hold the shares until the next XD date, you will be entitled to dividends. Shareholders will receive a portion of the company's profits. You can buy just before the XD date and receive the same dividend rate if you buy earlier.

**XM (Excluding Meetings)** – When a stock goes XM, you cannot participate in shareholder meetings, which are meetings that allow company owners (shareholders) to participate in decision-making on important matters beyond the authority of the board.

**The XM stock symbol** indicates that you will lose voting rights in the company's management.

Those who buy shares at the XW (Excluding Warrant) stage will not receive the right to subscribe for Warrant shares, which are subsidiary shares issued by the company. They can be converted into parent shares at a specified rate, usually 1:1 or according to the exercise price.

**XS (Excluding Short-term Warrant)** means you do not have the right to subscribe for short-term warrants. Meanwhile, **XR (Excluding Right)** means you do not have the right to subscribe for new shares, often related to capital increases, which are used by companies to raise additional funds for expansion.

**XT (Excluding Transferable Subscription Right)** – You will not receive transferable subscription rights to purchase additional shares.

For **XI (Excluding Interest)** and **XP (Excluding Principal)**, you will not receive interest or principal payments announced by the company.

**XA (Excluding All)** means you will not receive any rights announced by the company. You can click to see more details.

**XE (Excluding Exercise)** – You cannot convert the rights instrument into shares.

**XN (Excluding Capital Return)** refers to not receiving a return of capital, which is a measure used by companies to adjust financial balance, especially when there are accumulated losses over a period or in large amounts.

**XB (Excluding Other Benefit)** – You will not have rights to specific benefits, such as preferred shares, common shares, or other securities of the affiliated companies. Preferred shares are hybrid securities, half debt, half equity, offering fixed returns with no maturity date.

## Trading Alert Levels (Type T)

When a stock's price rises rapidly with high speculation, the stock exchange will implement control measures.

**T1 (Trading Alert Level 1)** – The first level, stocks must be purchased only with a Cash Balance account. This lasts for 3 weeks.

**T2 (Trading Alert Level 2)** – If stocks remain in T1 alert after no more than 1 month, they escalate to T2, requiring purchases only with Cash Balance and prohibiting use as collateral. Duration is 3 weeks.

**T3 (Trading Alert Level 3)** – The highest level. If stocks remain in T2, they escalate to T3, which not only prohibits buying on margin and using as collateral but also bans settlement (Settlement). This means if you sell shares worth 10,000 baht in the morning, the money will not be immediately returned but will be held until the next day. This measure prevents multiple trades within a single day.

A Cash Balance account is suitable for beginners because the amount of money in the account limits the investment, preventing over-leverage.

## Other Warning Signs Investors Should Know

**H (Trading Halt)** – Temporary suspension of trading for just 1 session (morning or afternoon). It may be due to leaked news, but the company has not officially notified the stock exchange.

**SP (Trading Suspension)** – Trading is halted for more than 1 session. Reasons are similar to H, such as unconfirmed news or the company not submitting financial statements.

**NP (Notice Pending)** – The company has items to notify the market. Once completed, it will change to **NR (Notice Received)**.

**NC (Non-Compliance)** – The company is not in compliance, possibly due to prolonged losses, failure to submit financial statements. It has 1 year to rectify.

**ST (Stabilization)** – The company is maintaining stock price stability. Common methods include issuing a "Greenshoe" option, issuing more IPO shares than planned to support the price, preventing it from falling below the IPO price in the first month.

**C (Caution)** – A warning sign indicating the company has serious problems, high financial risk, and investors should avoid.

The company will be marked with C if it meets any of the following conditions:

**Financial aspect** – Shareholders' equity less than 50% of paid-up capital, court approval for business rehabilitation or bankruptcy, regulatory orders to amend status or restrict management.

**Financial statement aspect** – Auditors do not express an opinion, SEC orders for correction or special review.

**Business aspect** – The company is a Cash Company (selling almost all assets, leaving only cash and short-term securities).

## Summary

Understanding the symbols attached to stocks is fundamental for investing. CA indicates an upcoming event; clicking for details is easy. However, abbreviations are codes that must be correctly understood, as each signal indicates different rights and risks. Knowing these helps you make better investment decisions and avoid mistakes due to missing important information.